- Human function that enables people to relate and interact with each other by means of a verbal and non verbal way.
MODES
Verbal – spoken language
Non-Verbal – symbols, sign language
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Stimulus – reason why people communicate, motivation with each other (object, ideas, feeling) referent
2. Message – idea, feelings and emotions
3. Sender – also known as encoder, one that sends the message
4. Channels – kinesthetic: tactile stimulus, visual: symbols, auditory: spoken language
5. Receiver – decoder
6. Feedback – answer to questions, whether receiver understood or not
FACTORS THAT AFFECT COMMUNICATION PROCESS
1. Ability of communicator – ability to speak, hear, see and comprehend stimulus
2. Perceptions – each has a unique trait, values, life experiences
3. Personal space – distance people prefer in interactions with one another
Four distances
a. Intimate
- Physical contact to 1 ½ feet characterized by body contact heightened sensation of body heat and smell, low vocalization
- Threatening to client
b. Personal
- 1 ½ feet to 4 feet
- Less overwhelming than intimate distance
- Usual distance between nurse and client
- Best distance
c. Social
- 4 feet to 12 feet
- Communication is non-formal
- Allows more activity and movement back and forth
- Often misused by nurse
d. Public
- 12 feet and beyond
- Individuality is lost
- Mass health education
4. Territoriality – concept of space and things that an individual considers as belonging to the self
5. Roles and Relationships
6. Time – events that precede and follow interactions
7. Environment – environment is comfortable, communication is more effective
8. Attitudes
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION and RATIONALE Using silence Accepting pauses or silences without interjecting any verbal response Providing general leads Using statements or questions that a. encourage client to verbalize b. choose a topic of conversation Being specific and tentative Statements that are specific rather than general and tentative rather than absolute Using open ended questions Specify only topic to be discussed and invite answers longer than one or two words Using touch Touch reinforces caring feelings; however the nurse should be sensitive to difference in attitude’s in every patient. Restating/Rephrasing Used when communication is rambling or when paraphrasing is difficult Seeking clarification Helping the client clarify an event situation or happening with respect to time Clarifying time or Sequence Helping the client clarify an event situation or happening with respect to time Offering self Suggesting ones presence, interest or wish to understand the client without making any demands that could make client comply to suggestion Giving information A simple and direct manner, specific factual information Acknowledging Giving recognition in a non judgmental way of a. change in behavior b. effort the client has made c. contribution to a communicator Presenting reality Helping client differentiate real from unreal Focusing The focus may be an idea or a feeling. Directing ideas, feelings, questions or content back to clients to enable them to explore their own feelings Reflecting Verifies meaning of specific words than overall meaning of a message Summarizing and Planning Perception checking Stating the main points of discussion to clarify relevant parts discussed Accepting pauses or silences without interjecting any verbal response |
NON THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION | RATIONALE |
Stereotyping Agreeing and Disagreeing Being defensive Challenging Probing Testing Changing topic Unwarranted reassurancePassing judgment Giving common advice | Offering generalized and over simplified beliefs about groups of people Akin to judgmental responses implies client is either right or wrong Attempting to protect a person Giving response that makes client prove their statement or point of view Asking information chiefly out of curiosity rather than intent Question than make a client admit something Directing communication into areas of self intent Using clichés or comforting statements of advice as a means to reassure the client Giving opinions and approving or disapproving response Telling client what to do |
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