GROWTH
- Physical change
- Increase in size
- Periods of very rapid growth rate: pre – natal, neonatal, infancy, adolescence
DEVELOPMENT
- Increase in complexity of function and skill progression
- The behavioral aspect of growth
PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT
1 Growth and development are continuous orderly, sequential process influenced by maturational environment and genetic factors
2. All humans follow the same pattern of growth
3. The sequence of each stage is predictable although the time of onset, the length of the stage and the effects of each stage vary with the person.
4. Growth and development occur in cephalocaudal direction.
5. Growth and development occur in a proximal to distal direction
6. Development occurs from simple to complex or from single acts to integrated acts.
7. Development becomes increasingly differentiated, begins with generalized response and progresses to a skilled specific response.
8. The pace of growth and development is asynchronous or uneven.
KOHLBERG’S STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
| LEVEL AND STAGE | |
| Level I: Pre Conventional (Egocentric Focus) Stage 1 Punishment and obedience orientation (toddler – 7 years) Stage 2 Instrumental – Relativist Orientation (4 – 12 years) Level II: Conventional (Societal Focus) Stage 3 Interpersonal concordance, good boy, nice girl (6 years thru adult years) Stage 4 Law and order orientation (adolescent – adult) Level III: Post Conventional or Principled Level (Universal Focus) Stage 5 Social contract, legalistic orientation (middle age or older adult) Stage 6 Universal ethical principles (middles age or older adult) | - Activity is wrong if one is punished, activity is right if one is not punished. - Action is taken to satisfy ones needs. - Action is taken to please another and gain approvals. - Right behavior is obeying the law and follow the rules - Standard of behavior is based on adhering laws that protect the welfare and rights of others: violating the rights of others is avoided: personal values and opinions are recognized. - Universal moral principles are internalized, person respects other humans and believes that relationship are based on mutual trust. |
TYPES OF OLDER ADULT
1. Young old (65 – 74) – adaptation to retirement and changing physical abilities, chronic illness may develop.
2. Middle old (75 – 84) – adaptation to decline in speed of movement, reaction time and sensory abilities: increasing dependence in others.
3. Old old (85 – over) – increase physical problems.
DEVELOPMENTAL TASK AND WHOLISTIC APROACH BY ROBERT HAVIGHURST
| AGE PERIOD | DEVELOPMENTAL TASK |
| Infancy and Early Childhood Middle Childhood Adolescence Early Adulthood (20 – 40 yrs) Middle Age (Emptiness Stage) Late Maturity | - Learning to walk, to taste solid foods, to talk, to control elimination of body wastes, sex differences and sexual modes - Learning to relate emotionally to parents, siblings and others - Learning to distinguish right from wrong and developing a conscience - Learning to form concepts of social and physical reality - Learning physical skills for ordinary games - Building wholesome attitude towards oneself - Learning to get along with age mates - Learning an appropriate masculine or feminine social role - Developing fundamental skills in reading, writing and calculating - Develop concepts necessary for everyday living - Achieving personal independence - Achieving new and more mature relations with age mates of both sexes - Achieving masculine/feminine social role - Accepting ones physique and using the body effectively - Achieving emotional independence from parents - Selecting and preparing for an occupation - Preparing for marriage and family life - Developing intellectual skills necessary for civic competence - Acquiring a set of values and an ethical system as a guide to behavior - Selecting a mate - Learning to live with a partner - Starting a family and rearing children - Managing a home - Getting started in an occupation - Taking on civic responsibility - Finding a congenial social group - Achieving adult civic and social responsibility - Establishing and maintaining an economic standard of living - Assisting teenage children to become responsible and happy adults - Developing adult leisure time activity - Accepting and adjusting the physiologic changes of middle age - Adjusting to aging parent - Adjusting to decrease physical strength - Adjusting to retirement and reduced income - Adjusting to death of a spouse - Meeting social and civic obligations - Establishing satisfactory living arrangements |
